Quarter 4 Biography

Frank Low was born in Mobile, Alabama on November 23, 1933. As a child he was raised in Houston, Texas. He studied physics as an undergraduate at Yale, and then went on to earn a PhD in physics from Rice University in 1959.
Soon afterward, Low got a job with Texas Instruments, in 1961. One of his earlier projects was developing a semiconductor doped with gallium that measured low temperatures by changes in electrical resistance. Low recognized that the technology behind this thermometer could be the basis of a bolometer, or a sensitive detector, that could be used to measure the energy coming from stars in infrared telescopes, which were at the time wavelengths too short to be detected by existing telescopes. Low thought that the infrared detector could reveal celestial objects that would otherwise remain unseen, because it would pick up the heat from objects too small to have previously been found.
In 1962, Low took a prototype bolometer to the National Radio Astronomy Laboratory in Green Bank, West Virginia, and successfully demonstrated it. However, he was not in the clear. Infrared radiation is absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere, so very little of it actually reached the land-based detectors.
To avoid atmospheric absorption of infrared radiation, Low developed devices that could be carried on aircrafts. First, he built a 2-inch telescope with an infrared detector and arranged for it to be mounted on a Navy jet, a Douglas A3 Skywarrior. This went on in 1965 and 1966, so after two years of demonstration flights proved the utility of the concept, he later built a 12-inch telescope was mounted in a Learjet by NASA in 1969.
Using the telescope on the Learjet Low observed that Jupiter and Saturn emitted more heat than they absorbed from sunlight, demonstrating that both planets must have an internal energy source. Low continued to use the Learjet for research, even after NASA, inspired by Low's success, launched the Kuiper Observatory and other more advanced telescopes.
Low knew, though, that really good observations would require telescopes in space, as they would be completely above the atmosphere and water vapor. He proposed the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), and along three other astronomers, and efforts form the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom was a leader in designing and launching it in 1983. It made the first survey of the sky in infrared from space. Many of the parts for the detectors, especially after an accident at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, came from Low's own Infrared Laboratories, Inc., which he founded in 1967.
IRAS was a massive success, and has discovered over 500,000 infrared sources, including galaxies. It has also discovered debris surrounding stars that show early stages of planetary formation, with debris similar to what was later found in the Kuiper belt-- which encircles our own Solar System.
Because of his enormous contributions to astronomy, especially infrared advancements, Low was asked to serve as a scientists for NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility, which ultimately became known as the Spitzer Telescope. However, the team was having trouble launching it under the budget of $100 million--it was abnormally expensive because the telescope was designed to be cooled with liquid helium before launch, and then orbited in a helium-cooled cryostat.
At a 1993 retreat for the project's scientists, Low had an inspiration. To cool only the detector itself before launch, and let the innate heat of the telescope radiate into space. The Spitzer Telescope launched successfully in August 2003.
While making these field-changing discoveries, Low was still a teacher. He taught at the University of Arizona from 1965 to 1996, and simultaneously taught at Rice University from 1966 to 1979. He retired from his company, Infrared Laboratories, Inc., in 2007, and passed away on June 11, 2009 in Tucson, Arizona at the age of 75.

Quarter 4 Biography Works Cited

I couldn't find a book on Frank Low :(


Overbye, Dennis. "Frank J. Low, Who Helped Drive Field of Infrared Astronomy, Dies at 75." The New York Times. 20 June 2009. Web. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/science/space/21low.html>.

Harrison, Jeff. "Astronomer Frank J. Low, 1933-2009." UANews.org. The University of Arizona, 22 June 2009. Web. <http://uanews.org/node/26150>.

Maugh II, Thomas H. "Frank J. Low Dies at 75; One of the Fathers of Infrared Astronomy - Latimes.com." Los Angeles Times. 25 June 2009. Web. <http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-me-frank-low25-2009jun25,0,3511512.story>.

APOD 4.7

This is a breathtaking picture of the Trifid Nebula, also known as M20, which lies about 5,000 light-years away by the constellation Sagittarius. A star forming region, the nebula contains three different nebula: red emission nebulae, blue reflection nebulae, and dark nebulae. The bright red emission that is separated into three sections by the dark dust lanes lends the nebulae to its name. The Trifid Nebula is about 40 light-years across.

APOD 4.6

I chose to do a picture on Jupiter's Great Red Spot because I really like it and I haven't done a picture of it yet this year. The Great Red Spot is basically a giant hurricane, a hurricane that is twice the size of the Earth. It is an astronomical anomaly: neither predicted nor initially understood, with no visible signs of slowing. Even today, details on the spot's size, shape, and color remain a mystery. If we better understand the weather conditions on Jupiter it could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of our weather here on Earth.

APOD 4.5

This is two galaxies that have collided! They are located in the southern constellation of Corvus, aka Crow :). The two galaxies seen here are NGC 4038 and NGC 4039. This event actually lasts hundreds of millions of years, but even so in the entire event the stars do not collide. Instead their clouds of molecular gas and dust do, triggering star formation near the center of the collision. This spans approximately 500 light-years across, and is aptly named "Antennae" due to its long shape. And the matter that is far from the center were flung there by gravitational tidal forces.

APOD 4.4http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3805620845326069297

This is called CAT'S EYE. I LOVE CATS! This nebula lies about 3,000 light years away from Earth. This planetary nebula represents a final, brief phase in the life of a sun-like star. The dying central star in the nebula produced the outer pattern of dusty, concentric layers by shrugging off outer layers in a series of regular convulsions. The eye of this is about half a light-year across. This is approximately the phase our sun will be in in about 5 billion years.

APOD 4.3

This is a view of the emission nebula IC 410 in false color. The two clouds of dust and gas in the top left, a part of the "cosmic pond," are the tadpoles.The nebula itself actually surrounds a cluster of stars, NGC 1893, which energizes the glowing gas. The reason for the tadpole shape of the clouds is that they were "sculpted" so to speak by the wind and radiation from the stars. IC 410 lies approximately 12,000 light years away, by the constellation Auriga.